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To nie jest slowiansko brzmiace nazwisko, wiec sie nie liczy.
Wyszukiwarka Forumowa:
Jeśli był z kasty Braminów =>
pl.wikipedia.org
W Indiach haplogrupa R1a1 jest spotykana zarówno wśród populacji najwyższych kast (około 45%[8], wśród braminów w Uttar Pradesh, Biharze ponad 60%, Bengalu Zachodnim ponad 70%[9]) jak i plemion (12%–4%). Znacznie wyższe procenty są wśród ludów na północ od Indii[10], co może wskazywać na kierunek rozprzestrzeniania się R1a1 do Indii.
To po linii męskiej z wysokim prawdopodobieństwem wywodził się z tej samej mutacji Y co.... "słowiański" rdzeń
- Także jak co by : można zakładać, że daleki krewny.
==>
Ten, u kogo po raz pierwszy wystąpiła haplogrupa R1a1, jest praojcem każdego mężczyzny, który posiada R1a1. R1a1 powstała w ewolucji ludzi tylko jeden raz u tylko jednego człowieka. Wszyscy posiadacze R1a1 to jego potomkowie w linii ojcowskiej.
A po kompletnym offie cos w temacie.
nowe a niewiele?? ciekawego.
www.frontiersin.org
kolorowe obrazki
Figure 4. Flowering and sex determination metabolic pathways: identification of candidate genes underneath the QTLs. The QTLs for flowering time are found in different flowering dependent pathways (photoperiod, temperature, and endogenous flowering pathways). Photoperiod pathway involves genes of the perception and transduction of light signals [ultraviolet-B receptors (uvr8), circadian timekeeper (xap5), suppressor of PHYA-105 (spa1), cryptochromes (cry1), phytochrome A (phyA), and phytochrome E (phyE)]. Temperature pathway involves vrn1, a vernalization dependent transcription factor. Both photoperiod and temperature pathways activate signaling pathways and/or transcription factors involved in the endogenous flowering pathway to regulate floral meristem identity genes, such as leafy (lfy). Genes that code for these transcription factors include flowering locus C (FLC), flowering locus D (FLD), flowering locus T (FLORIGEN or FT), suppressor of overexpression of constans1 (soc1), and gibberellic acid insensitive (gai gene – DELLA protein), among others. TF is used to summarize all transcription factors inducing floral meristem identity genes. Endogenous pathway also include the regulatory element of flowering genes, miR156. The QTLs for sex determination are found in metabolic pathways involved in regulation of phytohormones gibberellic acid (GA) or auxins. These pathways include B-class homeotic genes involved in the development of male flower organs and auxin response factors genes (ARFs) involved in female flower development.
The identification of the two QTLs for sex determination across locations is a significant step toward understanding the sex determination system (monecious and diecious) of cannabis. Two auxin response factor genes (arf2 and arf5), bZIP transcription factor 16-like and gene gibberellic acid insensitive (gai) that codes for the DELLA RGL1-like protein were identified in QTLSex_det1 for sex determination. These genes are involved in the balance of the phytohormones auxins and gibberellic acid, which are known to play an active role in the sex expression (male or female) in many crops, such as hemp or spinach [(Heslop-Harrison, 1956; Chailakhyan and Khryanin, 1978; Galoch, 2015) and reviewed in Salentijn et al. (2019)]. For instance, in spinach the gibberellic acid insensitive (Spgai) gene was two-fold higher expressed in inflorescences from females compared to male inflorescences (West and Golenberg, 2018). Both, the exogenous GA application and the reduction of Spgai gene expression in female plants, induced the development of male flowers in spinach (Figure 4). Based on their research they proposed a model for the sex determination of monecious plants in spinach, named M locus, which could apply to hemp. In conditions of high expression of Spgai there was an inhibition of the spinach B-class homeotic genes. These B-class homeotic genes are masculinizing factors of flower development, promoting the formation of male organs and at the same time they inhibit female organ formation in flowers (Figure 4). When applying GA to spinach, Spgai gene was inhibited and thus the inhibition on the masculinizing B-class genes was released, resulting in the formation of male organs. Soldatova and Khryanin (2010) also reported a masculinization effect of female hemp plants owed to external treatment with GA.
Furthermore, Heslop-Harrison (1956) provided evidences that the treatment of male diecious hemp with auxins showed the development of female flowers (Figure 4). In addition, expression analyses from floral meristems to study the differences in mRNA between male and female diecious hemp showed that mRNA involved in auxins were overexpressed in female plants (Moliterni et al., 2004). Auxins are phytohormones known to be involved in flower development (Hardtke and Berleth, 1998). Auxins regulate this process by controlling gene expression via transcription factors AUXIN RESPONSE FACTORS (ARF). These transcription factors control the expression of genes involved in female flower development (Li et al., 2016; Figure 4). For example, the transcription factor ARF8 acts as an inhibitor to stop further development of carpel in the absence of fertilization and the generation of signals to induce seed development (Goetz et al., 2006). Arabidopsis mutant for the auxin response factor 8 (arf8) gene developed seedless fruits (Goetz et al., 2006). In addition, Liu et al. (2014) reported floral development defects and female sterility in tomato where arf6 and arf8 genes were down-regulated with microRNAs.
It is likely that QTLSex_det1 contributes to regulate sex determination by controlling the expression of male and female inflorescences in a female genetic background, for example through downregulation of gai gene and/or downregulation of auxin response factor genes. Both effects might promote the development of male flower organs in female plants, leading to a monecious hemp. This is essentially because the positive effect alleles of QTLSex_det1 are associated to promote monoecy in hemp plants, while the negative effect alleles to promote dioecy (phenotypic values close to 3 indicate monoecy and values close to 1 dioecy, according to the phenotypic scale used in this study). The common genetic basis of monoecy and dioecy sex determination of hemp are in accordance to the common markers between monecious and diecious populations reported by Faux et al. (2016). The argumentation of downregulation of auxin response factor genes is also in agreement with Moliterni et al. (2004). They suggested that the repression of female characteristics implies the down-regulation of the genes involved in pathways more strictly regulated to the differentiation of the female sex.
Previous studies reported that monecious hemp plants carry the homogametic sex chromosomes XX (Faux et al., 2014) and QTLs associated to sex expression (male vs. female diecious plants and ratio male/female inflorescences in monecious plants) were located on the sex chromosomes, based on genetic maps (Faux et al., 2016). However, the lack of a complete genome sequence do not allow to map the QTLSex_det1 in any specific chromosome. Thus, QTLSex_det1 can be either located on the X chromosome, as some sex QTLs from Faux et al., 2016, or in any of the autosomes. Finally, molecular markers composing this QTL can be used as markers to directly select for monecious plants, differently than the male specific SCAR marker already available. This is because the male specific marker only allows to discriminate between male and female plants (Moliterni et al., 2004).
QLT ..... Cokolwiek.
Kolejny:
www.biorxiv.org
pożegluj w wątku.
Chyba było w granicach opisywanych dla oprysków srebrem. Dla ogórka siewnego. Przynajmniej literatura ta dosyć powszechnie dostępna - tak wspomina ? A może nie ?
popatrzmy : mikropipeta : ( da się odczytać jak się zmieni tło z niebieskiego na białe chyba ? Kto wymyślił te wszystkie zmiany )
AVG - w tych samych granicach działa także. ? O ile pamięć nie myli.
Na pewno znasz :
Trudno określić jego wiek. Ale sądząc po cynizmie i zmęczeniu światem, będących odpowiednikiem datowania węglem dla ludzkiej osobowości, miał jakieś siedem tysięcy lat.
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Jeśli był z kasty Braminów =>
Haplogrupa R1a1 (Y-DNA) – Wikipedia, wolna encyklopedia
W Indiach haplogrupa R1a1 jest spotykana zarówno wśród populacji najwyższych kast (około 45%[8], wśród braminów w Uttar Pradesh, Biharze ponad 60%, Bengalu Zachodnim ponad 70%[9]) jak i plemion (12%–4%). Znacznie wyższe procenty są wśród ludów na północ od Indii[10], co może wskazywać na kierunek rozprzestrzeniania się R1a1 do Indii.
To po linii męskiej z wysokim prawdopodobieństwem wywodził się z tej samej mutacji Y co.... "słowiański" rdzeń
- Także jak co by : można zakładać, że daleki krewny.==>
Ten, u kogo po raz pierwszy wystąpiła haplogrupa R1a1, jest praojcem każdego mężczyzny, który posiada R1a1. R1a1 powstała w ewolucji ludzi tylko jeden raz u tylko jednego człowieka. Wszyscy posiadacze R1a1 to jego potomkowie w linii ojcowskiej.
A po kompletnym offie cos w temacie.
nowe a niewiele?? ciekawego.
Frontiers | Why not XY? Male monoecious sexual phenotypes challenge the female monoecious paradigm in Cannabis sativa L.
Monoecy in Cannabis sativa L. has long been considered an industrially important trait due to the increased uniformity it offers and was thought to be exclus...
www.frontiersin.org
kolorowe obrazki
Figure 4. Flowering and sex determination metabolic pathways: identification of candidate genes underneath the QTLs. The QTLs for flowering time are found in different flowering dependent pathways (photoperiod, temperature, and endogenous flowering pathways). Photoperiod pathway involves genes of the perception and transduction of light signals [ultraviolet-B receptors (uvr8), circadian timekeeper (xap5), suppressor of PHYA-105 (spa1), cryptochromes (cry1), phytochrome A (phyA), and phytochrome E (phyE)]. Temperature pathway involves vrn1, a vernalization dependent transcription factor. Both photoperiod and temperature pathways activate signaling pathways and/or transcription factors involved in the endogenous flowering pathway to regulate floral meristem identity genes, such as leafy (lfy). Genes that code for these transcription factors include flowering locus C (FLC), flowering locus D (FLD), flowering locus T (FLORIGEN or FT), suppressor of overexpression of constans1 (soc1), and gibberellic acid insensitive (gai gene – DELLA protein), among others. TF is used to summarize all transcription factors inducing floral meristem identity genes. Endogenous pathway also include the regulatory element of flowering genes, miR156. The QTLs for sex determination are found in metabolic pathways involved in regulation of phytohormones gibberellic acid (GA) or auxins. These pathways include B-class homeotic genes involved in the development of male flower organs and auxin response factors genes (ARFs) involved in female flower development.
Molecular Mechanisms in Hemp Sex Determination
The identification of the two QTLs for sex determination across locations is a significant step toward understanding the sex determination system (monecious and diecious) of cannabis. Two auxin response factor genes (arf2 and arf5), bZIP transcription factor 16-like and gene gibberellic acid insensitive (gai) that codes for the DELLA RGL1-like protein were identified in QTLSex_det1 for sex determination. These genes are involved in the balance of the phytohormones auxins and gibberellic acid, which are known to play an active role in the sex expression (male or female) in many crops, such as hemp or spinach [(Heslop-Harrison, 1956; Chailakhyan and Khryanin, 1978; Galoch, 2015) and reviewed in Salentijn et al. (2019)]. For instance, in spinach the gibberellic acid insensitive (Spgai) gene was two-fold higher expressed in inflorescences from females compared to male inflorescences (West and Golenberg, 2018). Both, the exogenous GA application and the reduction of Spgai gene expression in female plants, induced the development of male flowers in spinach (Figure 4). Based on their research they proposed a model for the sex determination of monecious plants in spinach, named M locus, which could apply to hemp. In conditions of high expression of Spgai there was an inhibition of the spinach B-class homeotic genes. These B-class homeotic genes are masculinizing factors of flower development, promoting the formation of male organs and at the same time they inhibit female organ formation in flowers (Figure 4). When applying GA to spinach, Spgai gene was inhibited and thus the inhibition on the masculinizing B-class genes was released, resulting in the formation of male organs. Soldatova and Khryanin (2010) also reported a masculinization effect of female hemp plants owed to external treatment with GA.
Furthermore, Heslop-Harrison (1956) provided evidences that the treatment of male diecious hemp with auxins showed the development of female flowers (Figure 4). In addition, expression analyses from floral meristems to study the differences in mRNA between male and female diecious hemp showed that mRNA involved in auxins were overexpressed in female plants (Moliterni et al., 2004). Auxins are phytohormones known to be involved in flower development (Hardtke and Berleth, 1998). Auxins regulate this process by controlling gene expression via transcription factors AUXIN RESPONSE FACTORS (ARF). These transcription factors control the expression of genes involved in female flower development (Li et al., 2016; Figure 4). For example, the transcription factor ARF8 acts as an inhibitor to stop further development of carpel in the absence of fertilization and the generation of signals to induce seed development (Goetz et al., 2006). Arabidopsis mutant for the auxin response factor 8 (arf8) gene developed seedless fruits (Goetz et al., 2006). In addition, Liu et al. (2014) reported floral development defects and female sterility in tomato where arf6 and arf8 genes were down-regulated with microRNAs.
It is likely that QTLSex_det1 contributes to regulate sex determination by controlling the expression of male and female inflorescences in a female genetic background, for example through downregulation of gai gene and/or downregulation of auxin response factor genes. Both effects might promote the development of male flower organs in female plants, leading to a monecious hemp. This is essentially because the positive effect alleles of QTLSex_det1 are associated to promote monoecy in hemp plants, while the negative effect alleles to promote dioecy (phenotypic values close to 3 indicate monoecy and values close to 1 dioecy, according to the phenotypic scale used in this study). The common genetic basis of monoecy and dioecy sex determination of hemp are in accordance to the common markers between monecious and diecious populations reported by Faux et al. (2016). The argumentation of downregulation of auxin response factor genes is also in agreement with Moliterni et al. (2004). They suggested that the repression of female characteristics implies the down-regulation of the genes involved in pathways more strictly regulated to the differentiation of the female sex.
Previous studies reported that monecious hemp plants carry the homogametic sex chromosomes XX (Faux et al., 2014) and QTLs associated to sex expression (male vs. female diecious plants and ratio male/female inflorescences in monecious plants) were located on the sex chromosomes, based on genetic maps (Faux et al., 2016). However, the lack of a complete genome sequence do not allow to map the QTLSex_det1 in any specific chromosome. Thus, QTLSex_det1 can be either located on the X chromosome, as some sex QTLs from Faux et al., 2016, or in any of the autosomes. Finally, molecular markers composing this QTL can be used as markers to directly select for monecious plants, differently than the male specific SCAR marker already available. This is because the male specific marker only allows to discriminate between male and female plants (Moliterni et al., 2004).
Conclusion
The results of this study prescribe new prospects to understand the genetics basis of flowering time and sex determination in hemp. Molecular SNP markers and QTLs were identified for these quantitative traits. Genes involved in the photoperiod and temperature flowering pathways, such as genes involved in the perception and transduction of environmental signals (i.e., light), and genes involved in the autonomous and phytohormones flowering pathways, such as flowering transcription factors, were identified in QTLs for flowering time. About sex determination, genes involved in regulating the balance of phytohormones gibberellic acid (GA) and auxins were identified. The alleles with positive effects of these sex QTLs were found to promote monecious phenotypes. Finally, the SNP markers composing the QTLs can be used to develop new hemp cultivars with early or late flowering time behaviors and to select for monecious plants. SNP markers associated with sex determination will increase the stability of monoecy determination in monecious hemp cultivars.QLT ..... Cokolwiek.
Kolejny:
Population genomics of a natural Cannabis sativa L. collection from Iran identifies novel genetic loci for flowering time, morphology, sex and chemotyping
Future breeding and selection of Cannabis sativa L. for drug production and industrial purposes require a source of germplasm with wide genetic variation, such as that found in wild relatives and progenitors of highly cultivated plants. Limited directional selection and breeding have occurred in...
Ostatnia edycja:
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Jakie stężęnie? Srebrem hermione są szlachetne.No, a kto zrobil rewersje chlorkiem kobaltu? Tylko ja
- Rejestracja
- Paź 6, 2018
- Postów
- 6,332
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pożegluj w wątku.
Chyba było w granicach opisywanych dla oprysków srebrem. Dla ogórka siewnego. Przynajmniej literatura ta dosyć powszechnie dostępna - tak wspomina ? A może nie ?
popatrzmy : mikropipeta : ( da się odczytać jak się zmieni tło z niebieskiego na białe chyba ? Kto wymyślił te wszystkie zmiany )
|
|
|
|
AVG - w tych samych granicach działa także. ? O ile pamięć nie myli.
Na pewno znasz :
Trudno określić jego wiek. Ale sądząc po cynizmie i zmęczeniu światem, będących odpowiednikiem datowania węglem dla ludzkiej osobowości, miał jakieś siedem tysięcy lat.
Ostatnia edycja:
Z kodem HASZYSZ dostajesz 20% zniżki w sprawdzonym sklepie Growbox.pl na wszystko!